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Plant cells also include chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis. Use these classroom resources to examine how cells function with your students. Cells function differently in unicellular and multicellular organisms. A unicellular organism depends upon just one cell for all of its functions while a multicellular organism has cells specialized to perform different functions that collectively support the organism. Even the most basic parts of a cell can enable complex cellular processes, and multifunctional organelles expand these capabilities to make advanced activities possible for higher life-forms.
Organelles are specialized structures that perform various tasks inside cells. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Skip to content. Image Bacteriophages and Bacteria Like all cells, bacteria have receptor sites on the surface of their cell, which allow them to bond with molecules and receive signals from outside cells. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom.
Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary. Media Credits The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Media If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Text Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service.
Interactives Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Related Resources. Cell Functions. View Collection. Unicellular vs. When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain, a signal is transferred through the membrane and activates the enzyme, which sets off a chain of events within the cell that eventually leads to a response.
An example of this type of enzyme-linked receptor is the tyrosine kinase receptor. The tyrosine kinase receptor transfers phosphate groups to tyrosine molecules.
Signaling molecules bind to the extracellular domain of two nearby tyrosine kinase receptors, which then dimerize. Phosphates are then added to tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain of the receptors and can then transmit the signal to the next messenger within the cytoplasm. Learning Objectives Compare internal receptors with cell-surface receptors. Key Points Intracellular receptors are located in the cytoplasm of the cell and are activated by hydrophobic ligand molecules that can pass through the plasma membrane.
Cell-surface receptors bind to an external ligand molecule and convert an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Three general categories of cell-surface receptors include: ion -channel, G- protein, and enzyme -linked protein receptors.
Ion channel -linked receptors bind a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through. G-protein-linked receptors bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein, which then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.
Key Terms integral protein : a protein molecule or assembly of proteins that is permanently attached to the biological membrane transcription : the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA.
Types of Receptors Receptors are protein molecules in the target cell or on its surface that bind ligands. Internal receptors Internal receptors, also known as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors, are found in the cytoplasm of the cell and respond to hydrophobic ligand molecules that are able to travel across the plasma membrane.
Many intracellular receptors are transcription factors that interact with DNA in the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Cell-Surface Receptors Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored, or integral proteins that bind to external ligand molecules.
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